Evaporação de água no solo em frutíferas de importância econômica na Amazônia oriental.

Abstract

One of the limiting factors of productivity in fruit trees is water deficiency in the soil, so the characterization of evaporation is essential because it enables information on atmospheric demands and soil water losses, which can later be made available to plants in a balanced way through irrigation, without any waste. The present study aimed to characterize and quantify the evaporation of water in the soil in açaí crops in monoculture and in intercropping with cupuassu and, in the coconut crop, both in irrigated and non-irrigated areas, in Northeast Paraense. The experiment in Castanhal was conducted between May 2019 and December of the same year, while in Santa Izabel it took place between May 2021 and October 2022. In both locations, micrometeorological towers were installed with sensors of air temperature, relative humidity, radiation incident global solar radiation, wind speed, soil moisture, and rainfall, soil instruments such as tensiometers and microlysimeters were also added in the areas of monoculture and açaí consortium, and in the coconut area. The experimental design for both experiments was completely randomized (DIC), with two treatments (irrigated and rainfed), and the repetitions consisted of daily punctual data. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA), having as factors, cultivation, treatment, and location, for the data of the coconut tree the double factorial was applied, while for the data of the açaí tree, it was the triple factorial. For significant results (p < 0.05), Tukey's test was performed at a 5% probability level, with the aid of the R 4.2.1 software. The results of the açaí experimental area showed that water was not the main conditioning factor in the EAS and that the variable that most influenced was solar radiation, because, regardless of the period (rainy or less rainy), there was water supply for the entire population. the area, leaving soil water content above field capacity in all cropping and treatment systems. For the coconut experimental area, the results indicated between the treatments (fed and irrigated) that there was a higher EAS in the rainfed, and this result may be associated with the DPV of this crop in the rainfed compared to the irrigated, while in the places the highest EAS was observed in the row, as a result of the lower LAI of the coconut tree. Therefore, the incident solar radiation was the conditioning variable in the evaporation of water from the soil, having interference through the dynamics of water in the soil and the Leaf Area Index. Therefore, the interception of solar radiation reconciled with the shading caused mainly by the leaves of the plants, directly influenced the results of evaporation.